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17.5.2012 : 5:20 : +0200

Non-conflict Armed Violence

By far the largest human burden of armed violence is caused by deaths and injuries that occur in non-conflict and non-war settings. Countries such as El Salvador, Jamaica, and South Africa suffer from extremely high recorded levels of homicide, with more deaths each year than in many contemporary wars.

Non-conflict deaths are often distinguished from the deaths that arise from armed conflict based on the organization of the killing. Homicide is usually committed by individuals or small groups, whereas the killing in armed conflict is committed by relatively cohesive groups of up to several hundred members. But there is often little difference in intensity between large-scale criminal violence and low-level armed conflict, and the line between the two is frequently blurred. Non-conflict-related armed violence includes different dimensions, such as firearm homicides, violence in cities, gendered violent deaths, and the issue of the effectiveness of criminal justice systems.

Approximately 60 per cent of all violent deaths are committed with firearms, with variation from a low of 19 per cent in West and Central Europe to a high of 77 per cent in Central America, based on data from 45 countries. That represents 245,000 firearms deaths per year.

Non-conflict armed violence includes homicides, suicides, extrajudicial killings, and other forms of death or injury, such as those resulting from domestic violence or gender-based armed violence, social cleansing, or disappearances and kidnappings.

Small Arms Survey Publications

Enquête nationale sur les armes légères et de petit calibre en Côte d'Ivoire: les défis du contrôle des armes et de la lutte contre la violence armée avant la crise post-électorale, by Savannah de Tessières, a joint publication of the UNDP, the Commission Nationale de Lutte contre la Prolifération et la Circulation Illicite des Armes Légères et de Petit Calibre, Côte d'Ivoire, and the Small Arms Survey, April 2012. Special Report No. 14 (Summary available in English)
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Global Burden of Armed Violence 2011: Lethal Encounters, by the Geneva Declaration Secretariat. Published by Cambridge University Press. October 2011.
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Reading between the Lines: Crime and Victimization in Liberia, September 2011. Liberia Armed Violence Assessment Issue Brief No. 2
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A Legacy of War? Perceptions of Security in Liberia, September 2011. Liberia Armed Violence Assessment Issue Brief No. 1.
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Under pressure: Social violence over land and water in Yemen, October 2010. Yemen Armed Violence Assessment Issue Brief No. 2 (also available in Arabic)
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Photo Essay: Gang Life: Between Belonging and Exclusion. In Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2010: Gangs, Groups, and Guns.
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Gang Violence Worldwide: Context, Culture, and Country, by Scott H.Decker and David C. Pyrooz, 2010. In Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2010: Gangs, Groups, and Guns.
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Gangs, Groups, and Guns: An Overview, by Jennifer M.Hazen, 2010. In Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2010: Gangs, Groups, and Guns.
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Large and Small: Impacts of Armed Violence on Children and Youth, by Jonah Leff and Helen Moestue, 2009. In Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2009: Shadows of War.
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Firearm-related Violence in Mozambique, a joint publication of the Ministry of the Interior of Mozambique, the World Health Organization—Mozambique, and the Small Arms Survey, June 2009. Special Report No. 10
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Gangs of Central America: Causes, Costs, and Interventions, by Dennis Rodgers, Robert Muggah, and Chris Stevenson, May 2009. Occasional Paper No. 23
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Small Arms in Rio de Janeiro: The Guns, the Buyback, and the Victims, by Pablo Dreyfus, Luis Eduardo Guedes, Ben Lessing, Antônio Rangel Bandeira, Marcelo de Sousa Nascimento, and Patricia Silveira Rivero, a study by the Small Arms Survey, Viva Rio, and ISER, December 2008. Special Report No. 9
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Global Burden of Armed Violence 2008, by the Geneva Declaration Secretariat, September 2008.
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Reducing Armed Violence: The Public Health Approach, by Jennifer Hazen, 2008. In Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2008: Risk and Resilience.
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Hazen, Jennifer. 2008. Risk and Resilience: Understanding the Potential for Violence. In Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2008: Risk and Resilience.
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Targeting Armed Violence: Public Health Interventions, by Jennifer Hazen and Chris Stevenson, 2008. In Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2008: Risk and Resilience.
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Armed Violence in Burundi: Conflict and Post-Conflict Bujumbura, by Nicolas Florquin and Stéphanie Pézard, 2007. In Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.
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Florquin, Nicolas, and Stéphanie Pézard. 2007. Armed Violence in Burundi: Conflict and Post-Conflict Bujumbura. In Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.
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Mapping the Divide: Firearm Violence and Urbanization In Brazil, by Rubem César Fernandes and Marcelo de Sousa Nascimento, 2007. In Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.
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Fernandes, Rubem César, and Marcelo de Sousa Nascimento. 2007. Mapping the Divide: Firearm Violence and Urbanization In Brazil. In Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.
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Jumping the Gun: Armed Violence in Papua New Guinea, by Nicle Haley and Robert Muggah, 2006. In Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.
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The Instrument Matters: Assessing the Costs of Small Arms Violence, by Nicolas Florquin, 2006. In Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.
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Few Options but the Gun: Angry Young Men, by James Bevan and Nicolas Florquin, 2006. In Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.
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Armed and Aimless: Armed Groups, Guns, and Human Security in the ECOWAS Region, edited by Nicolas Florquin and Eric G. Berman, May 2005 (also available in French).
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Firearm-related Violence in Brazil, co-published with the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization, coordinated by Maria Fernanda Tourinho Peres, November 2004. (Summary report also available)
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Other Publications

Bateson, Regina. 2009. The Political Consequences of Crime Victimization in Latin America. Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association 67th Annual National Conference. Chicago, 2 April.
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Feldab-Brown, Vanda. 2009. The Violent Drug Market in Mexico and Lessons from Colombia. Policy Paper No. 12. Foreign Policy at Brookings. Washington D.C.: Brookings.
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Calame, John and Esther Charlesworth. 2009. Divided Cities -  Belfast, Beirut, Jerusalem, Mostar, and Nicosia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
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Harrendorf, S., M. Heiskanen and S. Malby. 2009. International Statistics on Crime and Justice. Helsinki and Vienna: European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
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UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2008. Crime and its impact on the Balkans and affected countries. Vienna: UNODC.
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WHO (World Health Organization). 2008. Violence Prevention, the evidence. Geneva: WHO.
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UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2007. Crime and Development in Central America - Caught in the Crossfire. Vienna: UNODC.
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Richmond, T. S., R. Cheney, and C.W. Schwab. 2005. The global burden of non-conflict related firearm mortality. Injury Prevention, Vol. 11, No. 6. December, pp. 348–352.
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Mathers, Colin D., et al. 2005. Counting the Dead and What They Died From: An Assessment of the Global Status of Cause of Death Data. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. Vol. 83, No. 3. March, pp. 171-180.
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Dahlberg, Linda, Robin M. Ikeda, and Marcie-Jo Kresnow. 2004. Guns in the Home and Risk of a Violent Death in the Home: Findings from a National Study. American Journal for Epidemiology, Vol. 160, No. 10. November, pp. 929–936.

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Moser, Caroline. 2004. Urban Violence and Insecurity: An Introductory Roadmap. Environment and Urbanization. Vol. 16, Number 12. October.

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Krug, Etienne G. et al., eds. 2002. World report on violence and health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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Reza, A., J. A. Mercy, and E. Krug. 2001. Epidemiology of violent deaths in the world. Injury Prevention, Vol. 7. Pp. 104–111.
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