Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR)

1. Disarmament and DDR
2. Demobilization and DDR
3. Reintegration and DDR
4. Gender and DDR
5. Case Studies on DDR

Disarmament and DDR

Small Arms Survey Publications

Swarbrick, Peter. 2007. Avoiding Disarmament Failure: The Critical Link in DDR—An Operational Manual for Donors, Managers, and Practitioners. Working Paper 5.

Waszink, Camilla. 2003. Talking about Disarmament: The Role of Small Arms in Peace Processes. In Small Arms Survey 2003: Development Denied.

Sami Faltas, Glenn McDonald, Camilla Waszink. 2001. Removing Small Arms from Society: A Review of Weapons Collection and Destruction Programmes. Occasional Paper No. 2.


Other Articles, Books, and Journals

Buxton, Julia, Jeremy Ginifer, Owen Greene, and Robert Muggah. 2006. Options for Arms Management and DDR in Nepal: Lessons from Past Experience. Report for DFID Nepal. Bradford: Centre for International Co-operation and Security, University of Bradford. July.

Dahl Thruelsen, Peter. 2006. From Soldier to Civilian: Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration in Afghanistan. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies. DIIS Report 2006:7.

Caramés, Albert, Vicenç Fisas, and Daniel Luz. 2006. Analysis of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) programmes existing in the world during 2005. Barcelona: Escola de cultura de Pau.

Muggah, Robert. 2006. Reflections on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration in Sudan. Humanitarian Practice Network.

Torjesen, Stina. 2006. The political economy of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR). Paper No. 709. Oslo. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.

Muggah, Robert. 2005. No Magic Bullet: A Critical Perspective on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration and Weapons Reduction during Post-Conflict. The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs Vol 94, No. 379.

Center for International Cooperation and Security. 2004. The Politics and Anti-Politics of Contemporary Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Programmes. Paris: CERI.

South Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC). 2004. RMDS/G 01.10 (Guideline): Guide to Regional Micro-Disarmament Standards / Guidelines (RMDS/G) and SALW Control Measures. Belgrade: SEESAC.

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). 2003. Best Practice Guide on National Procedures for SALW Stockpile Management and Security. 19 September. FSC GAL/43/03/Rev 3.

Bonn International Center for Conversion. 2003. Conversion Survey 2003. Global Disarmament, Demilitarization and Demobilization. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Lessons Learned Unit. 2002. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in a Peacekeeping Environment - Principles and Guidelines for the Collection and Destruction of Ammunition. New York: United Nations.

Faltas, Sami, and Joseph DiChiaro (Eds.) 2001. Managing the Remnants of War: Micro disarmament as an Element of Peace Building. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC). 2000. Tackling Small Arms and Light Weapons: A Practical Guide for Collection and Destruction. Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversion.

United Nations, Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Lessons Learned Unit. 2000. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in a Peacekeeping Environment: Principles and Guidelines. New York: United Nations.

United Nations Executive Committee on Humanitarian Affairs, Working Group on Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration. 2000. Harnessing Institutional Capacities in Support of the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Former Combatants. New York: United Nations.

DeClerq, David. 1999. Destroying Small Arms and Light Weapons: Survey of Methods and Practical Guide. Report No13. Bonn: Bonn International Centre for Conversion.

United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Lessons Learned Unit. 1999. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in a Peacekeeping Environment. New York: United Nations.

Gamba, Virginia. 1998. Disarmament and Conflict Resolution Project: Managing Arms in Peace Processes. UNIDIR Report No. 4/98. New York: United Nations.

Edward Laurence, assisted by Sarah Meek. 1996. The New Field of Micro-Disarmament: Addressing the Proliferation and Buildup of Small Arms and Light Weapons. Issues Brief 7. Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC).

Berdal, Mats R. 1996. Disarmament and Demobilization after Civil Wars: Arms, Soldiers and the Termination of Armed Conflicts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Zawels, Estanislao Angel. 1996. Disarmament and Conflict Resolution Project: Managing Arms in Peace Processes: The Issues. UNIDIR Research Report No. 46/96. New York: United Nations.


Further Resources

A/56/863 (11 March 2002). "Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peacekeeping Operations in All Their Aspects" - Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations.

S/2000/101 (11 February 2000). "The Role of United Nations Peacekeeping in Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration" - Report by the Secretary-General. (110 KB)

United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (in the annex of document A/CONF.192/15).

Demobilization and DDR

Other Articles, Books, and Journals

Dahl Thruelsen, Peter. 2006. From Soldier to Civilian: Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration in Afghanistan. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies. DIIS Report 2006:7.

Muggah, Robert. 2005. No Magic Bullet: A Critical Perspective on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration and Weapons Reduction during Post-Conflict. The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs Vol 94, No. 379.

Center for International Cooperation and Security. 2004. The Politics and Anti-Politics of Contemporary Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Programmes. Paris: CERI.

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). 2003. Best Practice Guide on National Procedures for SALW Stockpile Management and Security. 19 September. FSC GAL/43/03/Rev 3.

United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Lessons Learned Unit. 2002. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in a Peacekeeping Environment - Principles and Guidelines for the Collection and Destruction of Ammunition. New York: United Nations.

Jensen, Steffen, and Stepputat Finn. 2001. Demobilizing Armed Civilians. Center for Development Research Policy Paper. Copenhagen: CDR.

Carballo, Manuel, Carolyn Mansfield, and Michaela Prokop. 2000. Demobilization and its Implications for HIV/AIDS. Geneva: International Centre for Migration and Health.

Kingma, Kees (Ed.) 2000. Demobilization in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Development and Security Impacts. New York: MacMillan.

Marley, Anthony. 1999. Negotiating the Military Components of Civil War Peace Agreement. Clementsport: Pearson Peacekeeping Centre.

United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Lessons Learned Unit. 1999. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in a Peacekeeping Environment. New York: United Nations.

United States Agency for International Development (USAID). 1997. Assessment of the Demobilization and Disarmament Process in Liberia. Creative Associates International. Final Report to USAID, Washington, D.C.

Ball, Nicole. 1997. Demobilising and Reintegrating Soldiers: Lessons from Africa. In Krishna Kumar (Ed.) Rebuilding Societies after Civil War; Critical Roles for International Assistance. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner.

Kiggundu, Moses. 1997. Retrenchment Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons for Demobilization. Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversion.


Further Resources

A/56/863 (11 March 2002). "Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peacekeeping Operations in All Their Aspects" - Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations.

S/2000/101 (11 February 2000). "The Role of United Nations Peacekeeping in Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration" - Report by the Secretary-General. (110 KB)

Reintegration and DDR

Other Articles, Books, and Journals

Dahl Thruelsen, Peter. 2006. From Soldier to Civilian: Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration in Afghanistan. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies. DIIS Report 2006:7.

Muggah, Robert. 2005. No Magic Bullet: A Critical Perspective on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration and Weapons Reduction during Post-Conflict. The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs Vol 94, No. 379.

Center for International Cooperation and Security. 2004. The Politics and Anti-Politics of Contemporary Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Programmes. Paris: CERI.

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). 2003. Best Practice Guide on National Procedures for SALW Stockpile Management and Security. 19 September. FSC GAL/43/03/Rev 3.

United Nations Executive Committee on Humanitarian Affairs, Working Group on Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration. 2000. Harnessing Institutional Capacities in Support of the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Former Combatants. New York: United Nations.

United Nations, Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Lessons Learned Unit. 2000. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in a Peacekeeping Environment: Principles and Guidelines. New York: United Nations.

United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Lessons Learned Unit. 1999. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in a Peacekeeping Environment. New York: United Nations.


Further Resources

Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR). 2006. Compendium of Good Practices on Security Sector Reform: DDR.

A/56/863 (11 March 2002). "Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peacekeeping Operations in All Their Aspects" - Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations.

S/2000/101 (11 February 2000). "The Role of United Nations Peacekeeping in Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration" - Report by the Secretary-General. (110 KB)

Gender and DDR

Other Articles, Books, and Journals

Bouta, Tsjeard. 2005. Gender and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Building Blocs for Dutch Policy. The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations "Clingendael."

Save the Children. 2005. Forgotten Casualties of War: Girls in Armed Conflict. London: Save the Children.

Conaway, Camille Pampell, and Solome Martinez. 2004. Adding Value: Women's Contributions to Reintegration and Reconstruction in El Salvador. Cambridge and Washington: Women Waging Peace.

Mazurana, Dyan, and Khristopher Carlson. 2004. From Combat to Community: Women and Girls of Sierra Leone. Cambridge and Washington: Women Waging Peace.

United Nations Development Fund for Women. 2004. Getting it Right, Doing it Right: Gender and Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration. New York: United Nations.

Schroeder, Emily. 2003. A Window of Opportunity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Incorporating a Gender Perspective in the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Process. Peace Studies Journal. Volume 5, Issue 5.

World Bank. 2003. Demobilization and Reintegration Programs: Addressing Gender Issues. Findings Report 227.

Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children. 2002. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration, and Gender-based Violence in Sierra Leone. New York: WCRWC.

Barth, Elise. 2002. The Reintegration of Female Soldiers in Post Conflict Societies. International Peace Research Institute.


Further Resources

United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
Peace Women, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom

Case Studies on DDR

Small Arms Survey Publications

Muggah, Robert. 2005. Securing Haiti's Transition: Prospects for Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration. Occasional Paper 14.

Muggah, Robert. 2004. Assessing the Prospects for DDR of the MILF in Mindanao. A Desk Review and Evaluation for the UNDP. UNDP New York / Manila.

Muggah, Robert, Christian Bugnion, and Philipp Maughan. 2003. The Long Shadow of War: Prospects for Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration in the Republic of Congo. A Joint Evaluation for the European Union, UNDP and MDRP (World Bank).

Muggah, Robert. 2003. Reconsidering Small Arms in the Solomon Islands. A Strategic Overview Paper for the UNDP and the Bureau for Conflict Prevention and Recovery.


Other Articles, Books, and Journals

Muggah, R. Ed. (2008-forthcoming). Securing Protections: Assessing the Effectiveness of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration in Post-Conflict Contexts. New York: Routledge.

Muggah, R. (2008-forthcoming). Regulating Arms in Peace-Support Operations. In Piccioto, B. and Sukoda-Parr, S. Ed. 2008. Conflict Prevention in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Muggah, R. (2008-forthcoming). Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR): No Post-conflict Panacea. In Chetnail, V. Ed. Peace-Support and Peace-building Lexicon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Muggah, Robert. 2007. Comparing DDR and Durable Solutions: Some Lessons from Ethiopia's Demobilizations and Reintegration Programme. Humanitarian Practice Network. London: ODI

Muggah, Robert. 2007. Great expectations: (dis)integrated DDR in Sudan and Haiti. Humanitarian Practice Network. London: ODI.

Muggah, Robert. 2006. Reflections on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration in Sudan. Humanitarian Practice Network. London ODI

Comparative Analysis on the Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) Programs Existing in the World during 2006. 2007. Bellaterra: School for a Culture of Peace (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona). Case studies on Nepal, Niger, and Uganda.

Buxton, Julia, Jeremy Ginifer, Owen Greene, and Robert Muggah. 2006. Options for Arms Management and DDR in Nepal: Lessons from Past Experience. Report for DFID Nepal. Bradford: Centre for International Co-operation and Security, University of Bradford. July.

Muggah, Robert. 2005. Listening for a Change: Participatory Evaluations of DDR and Arms Reduction Schemes in Mali, Albania and Cambodia. Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research.

Muggah, Robert. 2005. All Quiet on the Congolese Front? Armed Violence Baseline Assessment in Congo. Congo-Brazzaville/Geneva: UNDP.

Hitchcock, N. 2004. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: The Case of Angola. Peacekeeping Note, Issue 1. Durban: ACCORD.

Muggah, Robert. 2004. The Anatomy of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration in the Republic of Congo. Journal of Conflict, Security and Development. Vol. 4, Issue 1.

International Crisis Group. 2003. Disarmament and Reintegration in Afghanistan. Asia Report, No. 65.

International Crisis Group. 2003. Rwandan Hutu Rebels in the Congo: a New Approach to Disarmament and Reintegration. Africa Report, No. 63.

United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Peacekeeping Best Practices Unit. 2003. Lessons Learned from United Nations Peacekeeping Experiences in Sierra Leone. New York: United Nations.

International Crisis Group. 2001. Disarmament in the Congo: Investing in Conflict Prevention. Africa Briefing.

International Crisis Group. 2001. Disarmament in the Congo: Jump Starting DDR to Prevent Further War. Africa Report, No. 38.

United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Lessons Learned Unit. 1998. Lessons Learned from the UN Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium. New York: United Nations.

Mendiburu, Marcos, and Sarah Meek. 1996. Disarmament and Conflict Resolution Project: Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Haiti. UNIDIR Research Report No. 48/96. New York: United Nations.

Smith, Christopher, Peter Batchelor, and Jakkie Potgieter. 1996. Disarmament and Conflict Resolution Project: Small Arms Management and Peacekeeping in Southern Africa. UNIDIR Research Report No. 21/96. New York: United Nations.

Uebelhart-Ekwall, Barbara, and Andrei Raevsky. 1996. Disarmament and Conflict Resolution Project: Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. UNIDIR Research Report No. 7/96. New York: United Nations.

Berman, Eric. 1996. Disarmament and Conflict Resolution Project: Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Mozambique. UNIDIR Research Report No. 22/96. New York: United Nations.

Wang, Jianwei. 1996. Disarmament and Conflict Resolution Project: Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Cambodia. UNIDIR Research Report No. 17/96. New York: United Nations.

Further Resources

United Nations Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Resource Center (www.unddr.org)
School for a Culture of Peace (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona). Country briefings, including Colombia, Haiti, and DR Congo.
Escola de culture de pau (ecp)
Stockholm Initiative on DDR (SIDDR)
PeaceWomen